Ecology in Transport: Problems and Solutions by Aleksander Sładkowski

Author:Aleksander Sładkowski
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030423230
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Drive

CO2 [g/km]

O2 [g/km]

CO [g/km]

HC [g/km]

NOX [g/km]

No. 1

169.2647

0.0164

0.1653

0.0168

0.0067

No. 2

156.4008

0.0128

0.1253

0.0178

0.0074

No. 3

170.3572

0.0151

0.1039

0.0240

0.0101

Emission standards are increasingly stricter and the limit values for the individual exhaust constituents of road vehicles are also stricter. For this reason, emissions are becoming the most watched element of road vehicles. This is mainly because harmful constituents, such as carbon dioxide CO2 and nitrogen oxides NOX are part of greenhouse gases and they participate in the global warming, which is currently considered to be the most serious global environmental problem. That is why the European Union continues striving for cleaner transport by imposing strict emission limits for road vehicles. If the emission limits are not respected, car manufacturers will be charged a fee of € 95 for each gram of carbon dioxide produced per kilometre of CO2 above the set limit of 95 g/km. Other restrictions include the exclusion of older vehicles (which meet lower emission standards) from urban centres for a better air quality in cities.

In order to categorise vehicles according to the individual emission standards they meet, it is important to know the emissions and constituents of the exhaust gases they produce, and especially, to what extent. Therefore, road vehicles must be approved for the emissions production before being placed on the market. At present, emissions are measured under laboratory conditions, where the emissions of a vehicle placed on a roller dynamometer are measured by simulating the driving cycle WLTP. Such measurement results are emission values in grams per kilometre. It is understandable that laboratory emission values measured this way may differ from the emissions actually produced in real operation. Since 2017 laboratory measurements have also been complemented with measurements performed during the actual driving of a vehicle in traffic, called RDE—Real Driving Emissions. The purpose is to get more accurate emission determination.

Case Study No. 3—Proposal for a Procedure for Assessing the Benefits of Using a Hybrid Car Technology for the Environment in Smaller Cities

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